with editorial notes by Robert H. Downie,originally from: U.S. 1Sept20 40 miles offshore. This coordinated attack group under Commander G. W. Pierce inTunny, which was one of three groups then penetrating the Japan Sea, was ordered to transit Tsushima Strait on 5 June 1945, and to conduct offensive patrol in the Sea of Japan off the . She also damaged two medium freighters. On 24 April 1988 Bonefish was submerged, during an exercise with guided-missile frigate USSCarr, about 160mi (260km) off the Atlantic coast of Florida, when seawater began leaking onto cables and electric buses in a battery-supply cableway. In February 1963, Bonefish moved to a new home port, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR Causey said he himself was blinded by the smoke and was only able to escape because a wave washing over the ship guided him to an open hatch. Honshu. A petty officer rang the alarm Fire on third street!. We meet on the 4th Saturday of each month at Zacatecas Caf, 3767 Iowa Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507. Following the normal post-deployment leave and upkeep period, she resumed operations along the west coast of North America. Passage 7 49.5N; 116 47.5E Palawan. The ship, the USS Johnston, is at a depth of 21,180 feet (about 6,500. NH, 42 59' 48N - 20 20' 27W I had the privilege to be in charge of the rescue operation at sea, an experience that I wont soon forget. On the afternoon of April 24, 1988, all was not well in the USS Bonefish amongst the last remaining diesel-electric submarines in the U.S. Navy. I was sent out with a handful of young people (a couple of them BONEFISH sailors who happened to have been on leave or had stayed back in Charleston for training) to see what I could do about bringing the submarine back to port. USS Harder (SS-257) was lost on 24-Aug-1944 with the "On Eternal Patrol - Marshal Todd Lindgren", "Investigation into the circumstances surrounding a fire onboard USS Bonefish (SS-582)", Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Bonefish_(SS-582)&oldid=1145324892, This page was last edited on 18 March 2023, at 14:44. She operated out of that port until 16 September, when she embarked upon her first deployment to the western Pacific. loss of 42 crew when it foundered off Key West, 24 24' 30N - 81 28' Reported dived 2001. Conditions on BONEFISH were absolutely temble, the air in the submarine was totally contaminated, having been filled with the residue from various laminated formica installations, burned cables, various fluids, hydraulic oil, and battery chlorine. difference. SFLM state correctly that eight men survived and were rescued by USS Redfin on 30 August United States and Japan had good relationship before the WWII. loss of 32 crew when it was sunk after collision with SS City of Rome The maneuver succeeded in temporarily clearing smoke from the control room but not the remainder of the vessel. Remarks: One secondary source stated 8 men survived and were taken prisoner. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM Petty Officer Grossman swam thousands of yards in the choppy waters and received credit for having saved 19 lives. The submarine fired five torpedoes. the loss of 76 crew when it was sunk in or near Tablas Strait, PI. Towed back to Charleston by the aptly named USS Hoist, she was decommissioned five months later and scrapped. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR is aware of her location and the condition of the hull. She set course for Fremantle the next day, ending her patrol there on 13 August. Metal from hole in Navy Memorial Museum. She fired all of her bow torpedoes and heard and felt the hits on the 2,068ton Japanese ship Anjo Maru. The USS Samuel B Roberts went down during the Battle Off Samar. After repairs, she returned and rejoined the others. Wilson ordered emergency surfacing. The Kaga shipwreck (Image credit: Courtesy of Vulcan Inc. ) After weeks spent surveying an area of ocean about the size of Houston, historians aboard the research vessel Petrel spotted the . She transited the Panama Canal on 23 June and arrived in Naval Station Charleston, South Carolina, her new home port, on 6 July. No written report seen. the loss of 99 crew when it was sunk while in transit from Med, West of while being towed off. The submarine departed there on 16 September for her first war patrol. Bonefish went deep once again and rigged for the depth charges, 25 in all. Matsuwa Island, in Kurlies. BONEFISH covered a South China Sea area in her sixth patrol, and sank two large tankers and a freighter during September and October 1944. in knowing those 5,000 valves and switches. On December 12th of that year, the Navy Department announced that she would be the sixth ship of the fleet to bear the name NAUTILUS. Another sailor said, however, that the men were newly assigned to the ship and may have gotten lost in the smoke and gas that filled the hull. Remarks: In diveable water in PRC territory Sources: R, D, SFLM Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR Remarks: Scuttled by crew, after severe damage by enemy forces. Naval History and Heritage Command) As far as Lockwood was concerned, Operation Barney had been a . USS Seawolf (SS-197) was lost on 3-Oct-1944 with the between Hokkaido and Honshu. the crew dies, sometimes there are survivors. Bonefish managed to evade the escorts, and her crew heard explosions which they interpreted as at least two hits on the oiler and one on the cargo ship. Named Pierces Pole Cats after TUNNY commanding officer Commander George E. Pierce, the wolfpacks assignment was to invade the Sea of Japan, along with two other packs of American subs (Hydemans Hepcats and Bobs Bobcats), and destroy what remained of Japans overseas supply lines. loss of 82 crew when it was sunk near 41 04N - 14 13E WWII and also a reported sighting by Bonefish of a US sub on 2 December. Lt. Michael Langston, chaplain at the Asheville Naval Reserve Center in Asheville, N.C., said he was told to notify Lindgrens mother and brother in nearby Pisgah Forest. It was dark on the ship, sea state was five, the ship was taking 30 degree rolls and pitching about 10 degrees, and it was extremely difficult to get back and forth from the frigate to the submarine. USS Pompano (SS-181) was lost on 1-Sep-1943 with But unlike nuclear-powered peers then beginning to enter service, the Barbels were constrained by the life of their 506 lead-acid battery cells. She was launched on 22 November 1958, sponsored by Mrs. Lawrence L. Edge, widow of Commander Lawrence Edge, who was lost with his ship, the first Bonefish, in 1945. (Nine of the crew were taken prisoner and survived the war). Portions of wreckage remained in place until late 1950's when Remarks: Location not known, cause not known, date of loss not known. Then she moved on to her new homeportPearl Harbor, Hawaii. Thereafter, Bonefish stopped in Ecuador, Peru, and Chile. But the fire onboard the Bonefish remains arguably the most important asterisk to the Navys impressive submarine safety record. The causes of death would not be known until a full medical report was done, Borton said. Operational history [ edit] spread is 11-23 to 12-9-43, Ships and Tonnage it was sold for scrapping. In July, the submarine went to sea for refresher training. Undersea explorers find wreck of USS Nevada, the ship that almost escaped Pearl Harbor. After refit and training, the submarine got underway on 22 November for the South China Sea and her second war patrol. USS Trout (SS-202) was lost on or after 29-Feb-1944 This undoubtedly was the attack which sank BONEFISH. Provision was made in the operation order governing this patrol group for submarines in case of necessity to proceed to Russian waters to claim a 24 hour haven, or to submit to internment in extreme need, or for them to make their exit from the Japan Sea prior to or after 24 June. A great many depth charges were dropped, and wood chips and oil were observed. USS Sculpin (SS-191) was lost on 19-Nov-1943 with On 8 December 1980, Bonefish stood out of San Diego on her way to duty with the 7th Fleet. She completed repairs on 6 March 1962, and resumed operations along the west coast at that time. grounding on reef south of Rossel Island Louisande Archipelago. USS S-27 (SS-132) was lost on 19-Jun-1942 when it grounded off Amchitka USS Golet (SS-361) was lost on 14-Jun-1944 with the On 6 December 1975, the submarine departed Oahu bound for the Orient. She returned to Hawaii on 10 August and, after post deployment standdown, resumed operations in the Hawaii operating area. You may recall that BONEFISH, the last diesel submarine in the Atlantic, was in the vicinity of the Bahamas three years ago, when a fire in the battery area caused the captain to abandon ship and left us with the problem of recovering and bringing her back to Charleston. date used. The contract to build Bonefish was awarded on 29 June 1956 to the New York Shipbuilding Corporation of Camden, New Jersey, and her keel was laid down on 3 June 1957. The usual calls to Far Eastern ports punctuated her periods at sea engaged in training missions. Radioman First Class Robert Bordelon passed out as well, and his fellows were unable to pull him up the bridge hatch. A Barbel could last just over four days underwater creeping at 3 knots (ie. No reports from boat Her wreck was only recently discovered. Equipped with a new mine-detecting device, the submarines were ordered to penetrate the Sea of Japan to sever the last of the Japanese overseas supply lines. Unknown to Bonefish, Suez Maru was carrying 414 British and 133 Dutch POWs. USS Dorado (SS-248) was lost on 12-Oct-1943 with the In a second rendezvous two days later, she requested and received permission to conduct a daylight submerged patrol of Toyama Bay, a bay farther up the Honsh coast. The seven-month Far Eastern assignment ended in November when she reentered Pearl Harbor. The first survivor, in a panic, knocked off Grossman's mask and Grossman gave up his own life preserver to calm the sailor down. This required anyone entering the submarine to be in a Scott breathing apparatus rather than an Oxygen Breathing Apparatus which was not efficient enough. Their ability to enter the submarine with seven minutes on an air pack, get to remote areas, operate required valves, establish valve lineups and get the submarine in a condition where we could salvage it were feats only a submariner could appreciate. Remarks: Hull towed by US Battleship Ohio until it foundered about 5 miles from Two years earlier, in October 1943, the USS Wahoo had been patrolling in the Sea of Japan when enemy forces attacked and sank it with all hands, including its commander, the legendary Dudley W. "Mush" Morton. Remarks: Hull reported located in 1995. She was sunk in June 1945 after sinking a ship on its eighth cruise. Remarks: Japanese records indicate 26 Feb, US records state 27 Feb. Dateline Fourteen sailors with serious injuries were later air-evacuated to the carrier Kennedy for treatment. USS Cochino (SS-345) was lost on 26-Aug-1949 when it Bonefish surfaced, and the captain ordered the crew to abandon ship. The Soviets sailors associated with the lost YANKEE and the MIKE may have found themselves in not too different a set of circumstances than what we found on BONEFISH. Despite thorough coverage of the waters assigned her, she made few contacts and each of these was a small antisubmarine vessel. John Tull, public affairs officer at the Charleston Naval Base. Repairs occupied her time during the remainder of 1964, and local operations in the Hawaiian operating area took up the entire year of 1965. Remarks: Possibly diveable water. Remarks: Loss most likely was the result of one of 3 attacks.11Feb42 E of Menado, 17 The vessel reached the USS Johnston, which lies 6.5km (4 miles) beneath the waves in the Philippine Sea in the Pacific Ocean.. Aboard the Carr they were treated to donated clothing and a warm meal as they recovered from the ordeal. Meetings begin at 1200, but come early and share a sea story or two. With escorts charging her, the boat suddenly lost depth control and ducked her periscope below the water. USS BONEFISH (SS-582) USS Bonefish (SS-582) was a Barbel-class submarine in the United States Navy. Remarks: Ship not found and demise is speculated as either being caused by an unknown Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR On 14 May, Bonefish approached a convoy of three tankers and three escorting destroyers, steaming off Tawitawi in the Philippines and headed for Sibutu Passage. All the crew were rescued by USS Dace. But Lt. Ray Evert, the Officer On Deck, didnt put on his EAB. No declared lost date found. Crew members abandoned ship and were taken to shore by the aircraft carrier John F. Kennedy and the frigate USS Carr. The dead were identified as Lt. Ray Everts Jr., 30, of Naoma, W.Va.; Petty Officer 1st Class Robert W. Bordelon Jr., 39, of Willis, Texas; and Petty Officer 3rd Class Marshall T. Lindgren, 21, of Pisgah Forest, N.C. Chief Petty Officer Terry D. Borton, a spokesman at Atlantic Fleet headquarters here, said two of the bodies were found at their stations in the control room of the ship and a third was found in an administrative compartment. Sources: R, D, SFLM She entered the Flores Sea on 28 November and, the next day, intercepted two enemy ships. Indonesia, by USS Rowell; 02 32 N; 129 18E. for complete and accurate listing of men lost on USS Then, after refresher training off Monterey, Calif., she returned to Pearl Harbor where she conducted exercises until 20 March. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR I will always remember JOHN F. KENNEDY, a thousand yards off BONEFISHs beam at a time when we thought we might lose the ship. Hokkaido. (The Tonan Maru was hit but quickly repaired. I will always remember, with Admiral Cooper, that memorial service in Charleston when we remembered the crew, their efforts and the three shipmates who died in the ship. 30"W The crew was able to surface the Bonefish and Wilson ordered the evacuation. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR Even though the emergency lights were on, he couldnt see them. She sank three freighters, two transports, a tanker and a schooner, and damaged a fourth freighter. At the conclusion of her sixth patrol in October of 1944, BONEFISH departed Australia and steamed to San Francisco for an overhaul at the Bethlehem Steel Submarine Repair Basin. This ship went to the Celebes and Sulu Seas for her fourth patrol and sank two freighters, a transport and a tanker, while she damaged a sub chaser. The next day, Bonefish fired a spread of four torpedoes at a cargo ship headed for Davao Gulf but, in spite of three hits, failed to sink the target. asphyxiation. He remained overnight in the medical ward on the carrier for his injuries. As nine tons of seawater gushed into the forward end of the boat crewmembers rushed to close the appropriate valves, saving her from a swift trip to the bottom. Remarks: Diveable water of less than 200 feet Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR No declared lost date found. When all of these possibilities had been examined, and she had not been seen or heard from by 30 July 1945, BONEFISH was reported as presumed lost. But even as damage control crews struggled to comply, there was an explosion and a fireball coursed across the compartment, blasting sailors against the wall. USSVI has over 13,000 members nationwide. USS Bonefish (SS-582) was a Barbel-class submarine of the United States Navy, and was the second U.S. Navy submarine to be named for the bonefish. and utterly contaminated atmosphere, were the factors that resulted in saving the ship. Wahoo was assigned to the Pacific theatre. They operate in a hostile environment and do constant battle with the sea. Water <700' deep near island; ( 27 00 N; 128 40 E). The attack group was to depart the Sea of Japan via La Perouse Strait on the night of 24 June. The loss devastated Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet's Submarine Force. She was launched 7 May 1943 (sponsored by Mrs. Elizabeth S. Daubin, wife of Rear Admiral Freeland A. Daubin), and commissioned on 31 May 1943, Lieutenant Commander Thomas W. Hogan in command. Dived. [8]) Following this action, she continued to seek targets for more than a month before returning to Fremantle on 15 March. Likely to be buried in sand and uncovered only periodically. the loss of 76 crew when it was sunk off the northeast coast of Honshu USS Albacore (SS-218) was lost on 7-Nov-1944 with In addition to taking part in 7th Fleet training exercises, she also operated in the Gulf of Tonkin. Island, 400 yds off island Near St Makarius Point (near Constantine Harbor), all the crew were rescued. In company with Tunny and Skate, Bonefish (SS-223), commanded by Commander L.L. Again in the South China Sea on her third patrol, BONEFISH sank a very large tanker, a medium freighter and a schooner, and damaged a second large tanker. the loss of 40 crew when it was sunk north of Groluk Island near Truk. After four months of operations in the Hawaiian Islands, the submarine headed for the Far East again in January 1964. On 6 July, she surfaced to destroy a wooden-hulled schooner by gunfire. the loss of 77 crew when it was sunk East China Sea. Another lieutenant managed to pop open the hatch. USS Shark (SS-314) was lost on 24-Oct-1944 with the That employment lasted until October 1967, when she headed back to the Orient. BONEFISH did not make this rendezvous, and after the other eight vessels had successfully transited La Perouse Strait, TUNNY on 25 and 26 June waited off the entrance to the strait and unsuccessfully tried to contact BONEFISH. BONEFISH successfully transited Tsushima Strait, and made rendezvous with TUNNY on 16 June 1945, in position 36 40'N, 135 24'E. the loss of 84 crew when it was sunk in West end of Lombok Strait. Sources: R, D, SFLM Deep water It is dedicated to the three men who gave their lifes aboard the USS Bonefish (SS 582). USS Grenadier (SS-210) was scuttled 22-Apr-1943 Remarks: Bombed on 10 December 1941 with the loss of 4 crew. Sources: took place on 25 December. She was the second Navy submarine named for the bonefish, which is a name for the ladyfish, dogfish, and sturgeon. On 1 April 1960, she departed New London, Conn., to join the Pacific Fleet. On 10 October, in her last action of the patrol, Bonefish fired a spread of four torpedoes at two ships of a convoy off Indochina, sending both the 4,212ton cargo ship Isuzugawa and the 10,086ton transport Teibi Maru to the bottom. BONEFISHs luck had finally run out. Remarks: R states after 2 December 43. : Mikamisan Maru Japan World War II: The coaster was torpedoed and sunk in the Pacific Ocean off Hokkaido by USS Tench ( United States Navy) with the loss of 24 lives. The captain of the frigate gathered the crew on the fantail of the ship. On 24 April 1988 Bonefish was submerged, during an exercise with guided-missile frigate USS Carr, about 160 mi (260 km) off the Atlantic coast of Florida, when seawater began leaking onto cables and electric buses in a battery-supply cableway. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR Bonefish returned to Pearl Harbor from that routine deployment on 7 November and began 13 months of local operations. [Note: The above USS BONEFISH (SS-582) history may or may not contain text provided by crew members of the USS BONEFISH (SS-582) or by other non . Sources: R, D, SFLM Wed really rather not say anything yet, said Williams. When Bonefish opened fire with her machine guns, the natives leaped overboard. Home Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR Two of the four one hit amidships and another struck the freighter under her mainmast sent the 4,646ton cargo ship Suez Maru down rapidly by the stern. USS Grunion (SS-216) was lost on 1-Aug-1942 with That structure in the final analysis gave me the room to do what was necessary to oversee the salvage of the ship with the knowledge that every effort would be made to send help if I needed it. Naval authorities deemed the damage to Bonefish to be too extensive to warrant repair and thus decided to decommission and scrap her. See also Ed Howard's Final Patrol page on USS Bonefish (external link). On 11 August the submarine put to sea to participate in NATO exercises in the North Atlantic. Bonefish concluded her first war patrol back at Fremantle, Western Australia, on 21 October. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR Following a week of training out of that port, she again got underway for more days of drills in Moreton Bay. On 18 April. The USS Bonefish was lost in the Sea of Japan on June 18, 1945, with its crew of 85. It was an auspicious beginning. She had a busy career in the Pacific against Japanese shipping after being launched and commissioned in May 1943. Although detected by a Japanese destroyer, Bonefish succeeded in firing five torpedoes at the ex-whale-factory tanker Tonan Maru No. The Lagarto has been located and the US Navy On 10 October, in her last action of the patrol, Bonefish fired a spread of four torpedoes at two ships of a convoy off Indochina, sending both the 4,212-ton cargo ship Isuzugawa and the 10,086-ton transport Teibi Maru to the bottom. Shes pretty distraught, he said of Mrs. Lindgren. Everts sister, Cynthia Williams, said the Navy had sent someone to their house this morning to announce that Everts body had been found. She gained fame as an aggressive and highly successful submarine after Lieutenant Commander Dudley Walker "Mush" Morton became her skipper. I-52 sunk June 24, 1944 roughly 1,200 miles west of the Cape Verde islands I-55 (I-155) scuttled May 8, 1946 I-55 missing after July 13, 1944 I-58 scuttled April 1, 1945 off Goto Island I-60 sunk January 17, 1942 I-70 sunk December 10, 1944 north of Hawaii I-121-class submarine I-121 scuttled April 30, 1946 wreckage found July 2018 Hearing the fire in the battery well was out of control and that submarines #3 diesel engine had quit when activated, Wilson finally gave the order to abandon ship. 5 50N) WDR gives date spread as 5-28 to 7-4-43 Remarks: R states South of Tokyo Bay. Bonefish then set course for Sibutu Passage on a reconnaissance mission. That April Bonefish participated in an anti-submarine training exercise with the John F. Kennedys carrier taskforce 160 miles east of Floridaparticularly sparring with Kennedys anti-submarine helicopters and the escorting frigate USS Carr. loss of 34 crew when it was sunk after ramming by USCG Paulding. after serious damage by aircraft near Penang, ~ 10 Miles West of Lem Voalan Strait 61 USS Growler (SS-215) was lost on 8-Nov-1944 with the The USS Bonefish then completed a "special mission". This vessel's fifth patrol was in the same area as her fourth, and she sank two small freighters, a large tanker and five miscellaneous small craft, while she damaged a second tanker. The leak allowed saltwater to gradually build up. WDR gives date Bonefish then set sail via Guam for the East China Sea and her seventh war patrol. BONEFISH asked permission to conduct a submerged daylight patrol in Toyama Wan, in the mid part of western Honshu, and having received it, departed for Suzu Misaki. USS Shark (SS-174) was lost on 11-Feb-1942 with USS Bullhead (SS-332) was lost on 6-Aug-1945 with For exceptional performance during the 19691970 WestPac, Bonefish was awarded a Meritorious Unit Citation for readiness. Theyre pumping air through the ship to get the toxic gases to leave, he said. Remarks: Possibly diveable water. During a rendezvous with Tunny on 16 June, Bonefish reported sinking Oshikayama Maru, a 6,892ton cargo ship. Remarks: Depth 400 feet. This touching experience cemented forever my bond to the finest submarine force in the world. On 24 April 1988, a fire on board USS Bonefish (SS-582) off the coast of Florida killed three crewmen. None of the drills they do could have prepared them for what happened, said Mrs. Causey, who is from Jacksonville, Fla. Causey, 30, was one of 89 of the Bonefishs 92 crewmen evacuated Sunday after explosions and fire filled the vessel with smoke and toxic gases. The Navy said the first explosion hit the Bonefish on Sunday afternoon as it was running at periscope depth, engaged in training exercises with surface vessels 160 miles off Florida. WDR: War Damage Report. When the Carr dove, the change in pitch allowed saltwater to flood across the ship, corroding the joint where battery cables penetrated the deck. States Navy have been lost during their service -- more than ten percent of the total The submarine maneuvered into a position suitable to attack Tokiwa Maru, launched four torpedoes, and then turned to evade the escorts. She resumed active service in the western Atlantic and West Indian operating areas on 5 April 1984 and remained so engaged through the end of the year. The salvage ship USS Hoist began towing the 219-foot-long Bonefish Wednesday afternoon to its home port of Charleston, S.C., where Navy experts will be able to take a closer look at the damage,. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR She emerged from the shipyard on 25 June 1977 to begin post-overhaul refresher training. . loss of 80 crew when it was sunk in Balabac Strait near Mantangule Island. The submarine conducted shakedown training out of New London, Conn., and Newport, R.I., until 23 July, when she set out for the Pacific. Ros states an attack was made by IJN on 23 Nov It was necessary to enter this hellish situation, stepping over dead shipmates, finding the right valves, getting the valves shut, pumps established, and securing the submarine on the surface before we could tow her back to port. In total, this vessel sank 31 enemy vessels, for a total tonnage of 158,500, and damaged 7, for 42,000 tons. Shipwrecked Remains of U.S.S. USS S-36 (SS-141) was lost on 20-Jan-1942 when it was destroyed after USS R-12 (SS-89) was lost on 12-Jun-1943 with the Throughout the cruise, the warship conducted UNITAS exercises with the armed forces of the countries visited. She fired six torpedoes and scored four hits. Others were lost when the sea And the EAB would have impaired his vision while doing so. The importance of this effort was not only because of the salvage value of the submarine which was perhaps as high as 40 million dollars, and the recovery of the three fellows who had died in the fire, but also because of the obvious ramifications for the rest of the submarine force. Ros and Remarks: Declared lost sometime after 13 November 1944, later revised. The U.S. Navy has not lost a single submarine to an accident at sea in over fifty years despite operating one of the largest underwater fleets on the planetnot since implementing safety reforms after losing Thresher in 1963 and the Scorpion in 1968. Sources: R, D, Ros, SFLM, WDR Later that same day, the boat fired eight torpedoes at a small cargo ship, scoring several hits. She had a busy career in the Pacific against Japanese shipping after being launched and commissioned in May 1943. One hit under the bridge of a tanker and another struck under the stack, enveloping the ship in smoke and flames. Remarks: No reports of finding wreckage. April 1968 saw her back at Oabu resuming local operations. Hull raised and used for study in submarine escape. Sbastien Roblin holds a Masters Degree in Conflict Resolution from Georgetown University and served as a university instructor for the Peace Corps in China.